Multiple transcriptomic analyses and characterization of pathogen-related core effectors and LysM family members reveal their differential roles in fungal growth and pathogenicity in Penicillium expansum.
Identifieur interne : 000105 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000104; suivant : 000106Multiple transcriptomic analyses and characterization of pathogen-related core effectors and LysM family members reveal their differential roles in fungal growth and pathogenicity in Penicillium expansum.
Auteurs : Danyang Chen [République populaire de Chine] ; Guangwei Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Jia Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Michael Wisniewski [États-Unis] ; Samir Droby [Israël] ; Elena Levin [Israël] ; Shengxiong Huang [République populaire de Chine] ; Yongsheng Liu [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG [ 1617-4623 ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes (MeSH), Fruit (génétique), Fruit (microbiologie), Interactions hôte-pathogène (génétique), Maladies des plantes (génétique), Maladies des plantes (microbiologie), Malus (génétique), Malus (microbiologie), Penicillium (croissance et développement), Penicillium (génétique), Penicillium (pathogénicité), Protéines fongiques (génétique), Protéines fongiques (métabolisme), Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques (MeSH), Transcriptome (MeSH), Virulence (MeSH).
- MESH :
- croissance et développement : Penicillium.
- génétique : Fruit, Interactions hôte-pathogène, Maladies des plantes, Malus, Penicillium, Protéines fongiques.
- microbiologie : Fruit, Maladies des plantes, Malus.
- métabolisme : Protéines fongiques.
- pathogénicité : Penicillium.
- Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes, Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques, Transcriptome, Virulence.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Fruit (genetics), Fruit (microbiology), Fungal Proteins (genetics), Fungal Proteins (metabolism), Gene Expression Profiling (MeSH), Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal (MeSH), Host-Pathogen Interactions (genetics), Malus (genetics), Malus (microbiology), Penicillium (genetics), Penicillium (growth & development), Penicillium (pathogenicity), Plant Diseases (genetics), Plant Diseases (microbiology), Transcriptome (MeSH), Virulence (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Fungal Proteins.
- genetics : Fruit, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Malus, Penicillium, Plant Diseases.
- growth & development : Penicillium.
- chemical , metabolism : Fungal Proteins.
- microbiology : Fruit, Malus, Plant Diseases.
- pathogenicity : Penicillium.
- Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Transcriptome, Virulence.
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is a destructive phytopathogen causing postharvest decay on many stored fruits. To develop effective and safe management strategies, it is important to investigate its pathogenicity-related mechanisms. In this study, a bioinformatic pipeline was constructed and 50 core effector genes were identified in P. expansum using multiple RNA-seq data sets and their putative functions were implicated by comparatively homologous analyses using pathogen-host interaction database. To functionally characterize P. expansum LysM domain proteins during infection, null mutants for the 15 uncharacterized putative LysM effectors were constructed and the fungal growth rate on either PDA or Cazpek medium or lesion expansion rate on the infected apple fruits was evaluated. The results showed the growth rate of knockout mutants from PeLysM5, PeLysM12 and PeLysM15 was retarded on PDA medium. No significant difference in growth rate was observed between wild type and all mutants on solid Cazpek medium. Nevertheless, the hypha of wild type displayed deeper yellow on the back of Cazpek medium than those of knockout mutants. On the infecting apples fruits, the knockout mutants from PeLysM5, PeLysM7, PeLysM8, PeLysM9, PeLysM10, PeLysM11, PeLysM14, PeLysM15, PeLysM16, PeLysM18 and PeLysM19 showed enhanced fungal virulence, with faster decaying on infected fruits than those from wild type. By contrast, the knockout mutation at PeLysM12 locus led to reduced lesion expansion rate on the infected apple fruits. In addition, P. expansum-apple interaction RNA-seq experiment was performed using apple fruit tissues infected by the wild type and knockout mutant ΔPeLysM15, respectively. Transcriptome analyses indicated that deletion of PeLysM15 could activate expression of several core effector genes, such as PEX2_055830, PEX2_036960 and PEX2_108150, and a chitin-binding protein, PEX2_064520. These results suggest PeLysM15 may play pivotal roles in fungal growth and development and involve pathogen-host interaction by modulating other effector genes' expression. Our results could provide solid data reference and good candidates for further pathogen-related studies in P. expansum.
DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01710-9
PubMed: 32656702
Affiliations:
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Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>230009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Guangwei" sort="Li, Guangwei" uniqKey="Li G" first="Guangwei" last="Li">Guangwei Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>230009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jia" sort="Liu, Jia" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jia" last="Liu">Jia Liu</name><affiliation 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Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China. liuyongsheng1122@ahau.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>230009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China. liuyongsheng1122@ahau.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>230036</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 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(genetics)</term><term>Malus (genetics)</term><term>Malus (microbiology)</term><term>Penicillium (genetics)</term><term>Penicillium (growth & development)</term><term>Penicillium (pathogenicity)</term><term>Plant Diseases (genetics)</term><term>Plant Diseases (microbiology)</term><term>Transcriptome (MeSH)</term><term>Virulence (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes (MeSH)</term><term>Fruit (génétique)</term><term>Fruit (microbiologie)</term><term>Interactions hôte-pathogène (génétique)</term><term>Maladies des plantes (génétique)</term><term>Maladies des plantes (microbiologie)</term><term>Malus (génétique)</term><term>Malus (microbiologie)</term><term>Penicillium (croissance et développement)</term><term>Penicillium (génétique)</term><term>Penicillium (pathogénicité)</term><term>Protéines fongiques (génétique)</term><term>Protéines fongiques (métabolisme)</term><term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques (MeSH)</term><term>Transcriptome (MeSH)</term><term>Virulence (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Fungal Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="croissance et développement" xml:lang="fr"><term>Penicillium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Fruit</term><term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term><term>Malus</term><term>Penicillium</term><term>Plant Diseases</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="growth & development" xml:lang="en"><term>Penicillium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Fruit</term><term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term><term>Maladies des plantes</term><term>Malus</term><term>Penicillium</term><term>Protéines fongiques</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Fungal Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Fruit</term><term>Maladies des plantes</term><term>Malus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Fruit</term><term>Malus</term><term>Plant Diseases</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines fongiques</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Penicillium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Penicillium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Gene Expression Profiling</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal</term><term>Transcriptome</term><term>Virulence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term><term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques</term><term>Transcriptome</term><term>Virulence</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Penicillium expansum is a destructive phytopathogen causing postharvest decay on many stored fruits. To develop effective and safe management strategies, it is important to investigate its pathogenicity-related mechanisms. In this study, a bioinformatic pipeline was constructed and 50 core effector genes were identified in P. expansum using multiple RNA-seq data sets and their putative functions were implicated by comparatively homologous analyses using pathogen-host interaction database. To functionally characterize P. expansum LysM domain proteins during infection, null mutants for the 15 uncharacterized putative LysM effectors were constructed and the fungal growth rate on either PDA or Cazpek medium or lesion expansion rate on the infected apple fruits was evaluated. The results showed the growth rate of knockout mutants from PeLysM5, PeLysM12 and PeLysM15 was retarded on PDA medium. No significant difference in growth rate was observed between wild type and all mutants on solid Cazpek medium. Nevertheless, the hypha of wild type displayed deeper yellow on the back of Cazpek medium than those of knockout mutants. On the infecting apples fruits, the knockout mutants from PeLysM5, PeLysM7, PeLysM8, PeLysM9, PeLysM10, PeLysM11, PeLysM14, PeLysM15, PeLysM16, PeLysM18 and PeLysM19 showed enhanced fungal virulence, with faster decaying on infected fruits than those from wild type. By contrast, the knockout mutation at PeLysM12 locus led to reduced lesion expansion rate on the infected apple fruits. In addition, P. expansum-apple interaction RNA-seq experiment was performed using apple fruit tissues infected by the wild type and knockout mutant ΔPeLysM15, respectively. Transcriptome analyses indicated that deletion of PeLysM15 could activate expression of several core effector genes, such as PEX2_055830, PEX2_036960 and PEX2_108150, and a chitin-binding protein, PEX2_064520. These results suggest PeLysM15 may play pivotal roles in fungal growth and development and involve pathogen-host interaction by modulating other effector genes' expression. Our results could provide solid data reference and good candidates for further pathogen-related studies in P. expansum.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32656702</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>15</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>15</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1617-4623</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>295</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Nov</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Mol Genet Genomics</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Multiple transcriptomic analyses and characterization of pathogen-related core effectors and LysM family members reveal their differential roles in fungal growth and pathogenicity in Penicillium expansum.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1415-1429</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s00438-020-01710-9</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Penicillium expansum is a destructive phytopathogen causing postharvest decay on many stored fruits. To develop effective and safe management strategies, it is important to investigate its pathogenicity-related mechanisms. In this study, a bioinformatic pipeline was constructed and 50 core effector genes were identified in P. expansum using multiple RNA-seq data sets and their putative functions were implicated by comparatively homologous analyses using pathogen-host interaction database. To functionally characterize P. expansum LysM domain proteins during infection, null mutants for the 15 uncharacterized putative LysM effectors were constructed and the fungal growth rate on either PDA or Cazpek medium or lesion expansion rate on the infected apple fruits was evaluated. The results showed the growth rate of knockout mutants from PeLysM5, PeLysM12 and PeLysM15 was retarded on PDA medium. No significant difference in growth rate was observed between wild type and all mutants on solid Cazpek medium. Nevertheless, the hypha of wild type displayed deeper yellow on the back of Cazpek medium than those of knockout mutants. On the infecting apples fruits, the knockout mutants from PeLysM5, PeLysM7, PeLysM8, PeLysM9, PeLysM10, PeLysM11, PeLysM14, PeLysM15, PeLysM16, PeLysM18 and PeLysM19 showed enhanced fungal virulence, with faster decaying on infected fruits than those from wild type. By contrast, the knockout mutation at PeLysM12 locus led to reduced lesion expansion rate on the infected apple fruits. In addition, P. expansum-apple interaction RNA-seq experiment was performed using apple fruit tissues infected by the wild type and knockout mutant ΔPeLysM15, respectively. Transcriptome analyses indicated that deletion of PeLysM15 could activate expression of several core effector genes, such as PEX2_055830, PEX2_036960 and PEX2_108150, and a chitin-binding protein, PEX2_064520. These results suggest PeLysM15 may play pivotal roles in fungal growth and development and involve pathogen-host interaction by modulating other effector genes' expression. Our results could provide solid data reference and good candidates for further pathogen-related studies in P. expansum.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Danyang</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Guangwei</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Jia</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, College of Forestry and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402160, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wisniewski</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Droby</LastName><ForeName>Samir</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Levin</LastName><ForeName>Elena</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName><ForeName>Shengxiong</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-3001</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China. huangshengxiong@163.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Yongsheng</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China. liuyongsheng1122@ahau.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China. liuyongsheng1122@ahau.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China. liuyongsheng1122@ahau.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>Nos. 31972474</GrantID><Agency>National Natural Science Foundation of China</Agency><Country></Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>Nos. 31461143008</GrantID><Agency>National Natural Science Foundation of China</Agency><Country></Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>ISF1936/14</GrantID><Agency>Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) - Israel Science Foundation (ISF) (NSFC-ISF)</Agency><Country></Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>12</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country><MedlineTA>Mol Genet Genomics</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101093320</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1617-4623</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005656">Fungal Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005638" MajorTopicYN="N">Fruit</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="N">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005656" MajorTopicYN="N">Fungal Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020869" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Expression Profiling</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015966" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D054884" MajorTopicYN="N">Host-Pathogen Interactions</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D027845" MajorTopicYN="N">Malus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010407" MajorTopicYN="N">Penicillium</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000254" MajorTopicYN="Y">growth & development</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="Y">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010935" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Diseases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D059467" MajorTopicYN="Y">Transcriptome</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014774" MajorTopicYN="N">Virulence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Effector</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">LysM</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">P. expansum-apple interaction</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Pathogenicity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Penicillium expansum</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2019</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>06</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>03</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>14</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>21</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>14</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32656702</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s00438-020-01710-9</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1007/s00438-020-01710-9</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Israël</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Virginie-Occidentale</li></region></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Chen, Danyang" sort="Chen, Danyang" uniqKey="Chen D" first="Danyang" last="Chen">Danyang Chen</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Huang, Shengxiong" sort="Huang, Shengxiong" uniqKey="Huang S" first="Shengxiong" last="Huang">Shengxiong Huang</name><name sortKey="Li, Guangwei" sort="Li, Guangwei" uniqKey="Li G" first="Guangwei" last="Li">Guangwei Li</name><name sortKey="Liu, Jia" sort="Liu, Jia" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jia" last="Liu">Jia Liu</name><name sortKey="Liu, Yongsheng" sort="Liu, Yongsheng" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Yongsheng" last="Liu">Yongsheng Liu</name><name sortKey="Liu, Yongsheng" sort="Liu, Yongsheng" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Yongsheng" last="Liu">Yongsheng Liu</name><name sortKey="Liu, Yongsheng" sort="Liu, Yongsheng" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Yongsheng" last="Liu">Yongsheng Liu</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Virginie-Occidentale"><name sortKey="Wisniewski, Michael" sort="Wisniewski, Michael" uniqKey="Wisniewski M" first="Michael" last="Wisniewski">Michael Wisniewski</name></region></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Droby, Samir" sort="Droby, Samir" uniqKey="Droby S" first="Samir" last="Droby">Samir Droby</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Levin, Elena" sort="Levin, Elena" uniqKey="Levin E" first="Elena" last="Levin">Elena Levin</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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